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Introduction
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Families M O N O C O T SSepals and petals usually in 3’s; leaf venation usually parallel or nearly so (a few notable exceptions). 1. Corolla yellow...Hypoxis 1. Corolla white...Zephyranthes 1. Leaves compound...Arisaema 1. Leaves simple...2 2. Spathe purplish...Symplocarpus 2. Spathe green...Peltandra COMMELINACEAE: Tradescantia CYPERACEAE: Carex 1. Flowers > 3 cm wide...Iris 1. Flowers < 3 cm wide...Sisyrinchium 1. Flowers and fruits brown...Luzula 1. Flowers and fruits green...Juncus 1. Stem leaves alternate, opposite, or lacking...3 2. Leaves in 1 whorl...Trillium 2. Leaves in > 1 whorl...Medeola 3. Stems lacking leaves or leafy mainly near base; basal leaves usually present...4 3. Stems leafy throughout; basal leaves usually absent...10 4. Flower 1 per stem...5 4. Flowers >1 per stem...6 5. Petals yellow; basal leaves > 10 mm wide...Erythronium 5. Petals white or bluish; basal leaves < 10 mm wide...Ipheion 6. Inflorescence an umbel...Allium 6. Inflorescence a spike or raceme...7 7. Perianth blue-purple...Muscari 7. Perianth white or mainly so...8 8. Flowers imperfect...Chamaelirium 9. Stem leafless...Ornithogalum 9. Stem with one-a few leaves...Amianthium 10. Inflorescence terminal...Smilacina 10. Inflorescence or solitary flowers axillary...11 11. Flowers in successive axils; fruit a berry...Polygonatum 11. Flowers not in successive axils; fruit a capsule...Uvularia
1. Leaves absent at flowering, dull green above, purple below...Tipularia 1. Leaves present at flowering, not colored as above...2 2. Leaves green with white reticulations...Goodyera 2. Leaves lacking white reticulations...3 3. Some perianth parts white, others pink...Orchis 3. Perianth coloration not as above...4 4. Leaves whorled...Isotria 4. Leaves basal or alternate...5 5. Lower petal saccate...Cypripedium 5. Lower petal not saccate...Liparis Grasses are described by a complex set of terminology. The genera you might find blooming and in fruit include Agrostis, Aira, Anthoxanthum, Bromus, Dactylis, Danthonia, Festuca, Glyceria, Holcus, Hordeum, Hystrix, Lolium, Melica, Poa, Sphenopholis, and Stipa. D I C O T SSepals and petals usually in 4’s or 5’s; carpels frequently 3 or 5, sometimes > 10; stamen usually 3 or 5, sometimes >10; leaf venation usually pinnate or palmate ANNONACEAE: Asimina 1. Flowers yellow...Zizia 1. Flowers white...2 2. Compound umbel > 2 cm broad...Daucus 2. Compound umbel < 2 cm broad...Chaerophyllum 1. Erect herb...Apocynum 1. Climbing or trailing vine...2 2. Trailing vine; flowers blue, purple, or pinkish...Vinca 2. Climbing vine; flowers yellow...Trachelospermum ARALIACEAE: Aralia 1. Leaves pubescent, not aromatic when broken or only slightly so...Asarum 1. Leaves glabrous, distinctly aromatic when crushed...Hexastylis 1. Leaves white tomentose beneath...2 1. Leaves not white tomentose beneath...4 2. Leaves apically rounded with short, distinct point...Facelis 2. Leaves apically rounded-acute, lacking distinct point...3 3. Basal leaves > 2 times as wide as stem leaves...Antennaria 3. Basal leaves < 2 times as wide as stem leaves or absent...Gnaphalium 4. Heads of both disk and ray flowers...5 4. Heads of ray flowers only or disk-discoid flowers only...12 5. Ray flowers white, pinkish, bluish, purplish...6 5. Ray flowers yellow...10 6. Heads < 3 cm broad (ray tip to ray tip)...7 6. Heads > 3 cm broad (ray tip to ray tip)...8 7. Leaves finely dissected; pappus absent...Achillea 7. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed; pappus of bristles...Erigeron 8. Leaves finely dissected...Anthemis 8. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed...9 9. Petiole lobed at base; disk yellow...Chrysanthemum 9. Petiole not lobed at base; disk brown – black...Echinacea 10. Pappus a united cartilaginous crown...Chrysogonum 10. Pappus of bristles...11 11. Stem leaves few, opposite; pappus yellowish-white...Arnica 11. Stem leaves more than a few, alternate; pappus white...Senecio 12. Head of disk-discoid flowers only...13 12. Head of ray flowers only...14 13. Outer bracts spine-tipped...Carduus 13. Outer bracts not spine-tipped...Centaurea 14. Ray flowers blue or white...Cichorium 14. Ray flowers yellow...15 15. Nutlet not flattened...17 16. Fruit apically truncate...Sonchus 16. Fruit apically beaked or tapered...Lactuca 17. Nutlet with beak > 5mm long...18 17. Nutlet beakless or with beak < 5mm long...20 18. Longest bracts bilobed or widest at apex...Pyrrhopappus 18. Longest bracts tapered to apex...19 19. Stem unbranched; pappus capillary...Taraxacum 19. Stem branched; pappus plumose...Hypochoeris 20. Bracts all of one length...Krigia 20. Bracts of several lengths...Hieracium BERBERIDACEAE: Podophyllum 1. Fruit subtended by woody scale...Alnus 1. Fruit subtended by leafy scales...Corylus 1. Petals uniformly orange; leaflets > 4...Campsis 1. Petals maroon and yellow; leaflets < 4...Anisostichus 1. Petals blue-violet...Cynoglossum 1. Petals white-pale bluish...2 2. Style unbranched...Myosotis 2. Style branches 2...Lithospermum 1. Corolla distinctly yellow...2 1. Corolla white, cream-pale yellow, green, pink, or purplish...4 2. Petals lt. yellow; fruit contracted between seeds...Raphanus 2. Petals dk. yellow; fruit not contracted between seeds...3 3. Leaves lustrous...Barbarea 3. Leaves not lustrous...Brassica 4. Stem and basal leaves entire or toothed, not lobed nor divided...5 4. Stem leaves (at least lower ones) and/or basal leaves lobed/divided...12 5. Flowers > 8 mm broad...Cardamine 5. Flowers < 8 mm broad...6 6. Stem leaf length < 2X width...7 6. Stem leaf length > 2X width...8 7. Fruit < 1 cm long...Draba 7. Fruit > 1 cm long...Cardamine 8. Fruit triangular...Capsella 8. Fruit round, elliptic, ovate, or elongated...9 9. Fruit length < width or only slightly longer...10 9. Fruit length distinctly > width...11 10. Fruit winged...Lepidium 10. Fruit wingless...Camelina 11. Fruit < 1 cm long...Draba 11. Fruit > 1 cm long...Cardamine 12. Leaves digitately (palmately) lobed/divided...Cardamine 12. Leaves pinnately lobed/divided...13 13. Fruit length > 3X width...14 13. Fruit length < 3X width...15 14. Fruit with cross walls between the seeds...Raphanus 14. Fruit lacking cross walls between the seeds...Cardamine 15. Fruit not lobed, triangular...Capsella 15. Fruit 2-lobed, each lobe round...Coronopus CAMPANULACEAE: Specularia
1. Plant a vine...Lonicera 1. Plant a shrub...2 2. Leaves simple...Viburnum 2. Leaves compound...Sambucus 1. Petals lacking...2 1. Petals present...3 2. Sepals acute; fruit 1-seeded...Scleranthus 2. Sepals obtuse; fruit several-seeded...Sagina 3. Petals pink, red, or purple...4 3. Petals white...5 4. Petals shorter than sepals...Agrostemma 4. Petals longer than sepals...Dianthus 6. Petals not notched or only slightly so...8 7. Styles 5; plant pubescent throughout...Cerastium 7. Styles 3; plant mainly glabrous...Stellaria 8. Inflorescence an umbel...Holosteum 8. Inflorescence not an umbel...9 9. Petals inconspicuous...Sagina 9. Petals conspicuous...Arenaria CELASTRACEAE: Euonymus CRASSULACEAE: Diamorpha DIAPENSIACEAE: Galax ELAEAGNACEAE: Elaeagnus 1. Plant an herb...Chimaphila 1. Plant a shrub...2 2. Fruit inferior...3 2. Fruit superior...4 3. Leaves glandular-dotted beneath; fruit 10-seeded...Gaylussacia 3. Leaves not glandular-dotted beneath; fruit > 10-seeded...Vaccinium 4. Corolla irregular...Rhododendron 4. Corolla regular...5 5. Inflorescences terminal corymbs or fascicles...Kalmia 5. Inflorescences axillary racemes or panicles...6 6. Calyx pubescent, lacking subtending bractlets...Lyonia 6. Calyx glabrous, with two subtending bractlets...Leucothoe EUPHORBIACEAE: Euphorbia 1. Plant a shrub/small tree; flowers produced before leaves...Cercis 1. Plant a vine or herb; flowers produced with or after leaves...2 2. Leaves with 3 leaflets...3 2. Leaves with > 3 leaflets...4 3. Terminal leaflet lacking stalk (petiolule)...Trifolium 3. Terminal leaflet with stalk...Medicago 4. Plant woody...Wisteria 4. Plant herbaceous...5 5. Leaves with tendrils...Vicia 5. Leaves lacking tendrils...Tephrosia 1. Corolla yellow...Corydalis 1. Corolla pink or white...Dicentra GENTIANACEAE: Obolaria 1. Leaves palmately lobed or compound...Geranium 1. Leaves pinnately compound...Erodium HIPPOCASTANACEAE: Aesculus 1. Anther-bearing stamen 2...Salvia 1. Anther-bearing stamen 4...2 2. Some or all stems trailing on ground...3 2. All stems erect...4 3. Leaves cordate...Glecoma 3. Leaves tapering basally...Ajuga 4. Petals magenta...Lamium 4. Petals blue-purple...Prunella 1. At least some leaves lobed...Sassafras 1. All leaves unlobed...Lindera LOGANIACEAE: Gelsemium MAGNOLIACEAE: Magnolia 1. Petal length > 5 X width...Chionanthus 1. Petal length < 5 X width...Ligustrum ONAGRACEAE: Oenothera
OXALIDACEAE: Oxalis PAPAVERACEAE: Sanguinaria POLEMONIACEAE: Phlox POLYGONACEAE: Rumex 1. Ovary partly inferior...Portulaca 1. Ovary completely superior...2 2. Sepals persistent; leaves opposite...Claytonia 2. Sepals deciduous; leaves alternate...Talinum PLANTAGINACEAE: Plantago 1. Plant a shrub; inflorescence a drooping panicle...Xanthorhiza 1. Plant an herb; inflorescence not as above...2 2. Perianth conspicuously spurred...Aquilegia 2. Perianth not spurred...3 3. Mature inflorescence > 10 cm long...Cimicifuga 3. Mature inflorescence < 10 cm long...4 4. Leaves ternately compound; leaflet apices acute...Actaea 4. Leaves lacking one or both features noted above...5 5. Both calyx and corolla present (or apparently so)...6 5. Either calyx or corolla lacking...7 6. Petals yellow...Ranunculus 6. Petals (actually sepals that look like petals) white-bluish...Hepatica 7. Inflorescence an umbel...Thalictrum 7. Inflorescence not an umbel...8 8. Perianth leathery...Clematis 8. Perianth not leathery...Anemone RHAMNACEAE: Ceanothus 1. Plant a shrub...2 1. Plant an herb...4 2. Ovary inferior...Amelanchier 2. Ovary superior...3 3. Gynoecium of fused carpels; single ovary surrounded by floral cup (hypanthium)...Prunus 3. Gynoecium of many unfused carpels; numerous ovaries of single flower superior...Rubus 4. Sepals interspersed with sepaloid bracts...5 4. Sepals not interspersed with bracts...Waldsteinia 5. Bracts narrowing towards apex, entire...Potentilla 5. Bracts widest at apex, toothed...Duchesnia 1. Leaves in whorls of 4 or more...2 1. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3...3 2. Sepals lacking...Galium 2. Sepals present...Sherardia 3. Stem erect-nearly erect...Houstonia 3. Stem trailing on ground...Mitchella SALICACEAE: Salix 1. Herb; flowers perfect...Commandra 1. Shrub; flowers imperfect...Nestronia SAURURACEAE: Saururus 1. Plant a shrub...Itea 1. Plant an herb...2 2. Inflorescence a raceme...Tiarella 2. Inflorescence a panicle...3 3. Stamen 5...Heuchera 3. Stamen 10...Saxifraga 1. Corolla only slightly irregular...Veronica 1. Corolla distinctly irregular...2 2. Stem leaves opposite...Penstemon 2. Stem leaves alternate...3 3. Corolla blue, basally spurred...Linaria 3. Corolla yellow, not spurred basally...Pedicularis STAPHYLEACEAE: Staphylea STYRACACEAE: Styrax THYMELIACEAE: Dirca VALERIANACEAE: Valerianella 1. Petals green...Hybanthus 1. Petals white, blue, yellow or purple...Viola
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