Illustrations. The composite plates in this work were composed with illustrations from Britton & Brown (1913), Batson (1952), Brooks & Clemants (2000), Swab (2000), and USDA NRCS (n.d.). The following illustrations from Brooks & Clemants (2000) and Swab (2000) were provided with permission courtesy of the Flora of North America Association, illustrator Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey: Luzula acuminata (capsule and habit), Luzula bulbosa (capsule and inflorescence), Luzula echinata (capsule and inflorescence), Luzula multiflora (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus articulatus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus caesariensis (capsule and seed), Juncus dudleyi (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus militaris (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus torreyi (capsule and seed). The following illustration from Batson (1952) were provided with permission courtesy of the NC Academy of Science: Juncus acuminatus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus biflorus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus brachycarpus (capsule and seed), Juncus brevicaudatus (capsule), Juncus canadensis (capsule and seed), Juncus coriaceus (capsule), Juncus debilis (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus dichotomus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus diffussisimus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus elliottii (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus effusus (capsule), Juncus georgianus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus gymnocarpus (capsule), Juncus longii (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus marginatus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus megacephalus (capsule and seed), Juncus polycephalos (capsule), Juncus repens (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus roemerianus (capsule), Juncus scirpoides (capsule and seed), Juncus secundus (capsule and inflorescence), Juncus tenuis (capsule), Juncus trigonocarpus (capsule, inflorescence, seed), Juncus validus (capsule), and Oreojuncus trifidus (auricle, inflorescence, capsule, seed). Remaining illustrations were taken from the public domain Britton & Brown (1913) and USDA NRCS (n.d.).
Taxonomy. Species concepts in this work follow Brooks & Clemants (2000 [Juncus]) and Swab (2000 [Luzula]), with the following exceptions: (1) Oreojuncus is recognized as a distinct genus following Drábková and Kirschner (2013) [our sole species, O. trifidus, was treated as J. trifidus by Brooks & Clemants 2000]; (2) Juncus biflorus, J. longii, and J. marginatus are recognized as distinct species following Knapp & Naczi (2008) [these were synonymized under J. marginatus in Brooks & Clemants 2000]. As such, the taxonomic concepts herein are consistent with Weakley (2015), with the exception that, pending needed taxonomic resolution, Juncus pylaei Laharpe is not treated as a distinct species from Juncus effusus.
Citation. Please cite this work as: Krings, A. 2022. Rushes of the Carolinas. Vascular Plant Herbarium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. (https://herbarium.ncsu.edu/rushes/, [date accessed]).
Additional identification resources. Additional plant identification resources from the North Carolina State University Vascular Herbarium can be accessed here: https://herbarium.ncsu.edu/keysetc.htm
References:
Batson, W.T., Jr. 1952. The rushes of North and South Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 68:93–104.
Britton, N.L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada, and the British Possesions. 3 vols. Scribner's Son, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
Brooks, R.E. and S.E. Clemants. 2000. Juncus. In: Flora North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 22. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
Coffey, J. 1970. Investigations in Luzula: Species of the southeastern United States. Castanea 35: 68–77.
Drábková, L.Z. and J. Kirschner. 2013. Oreojuncus, a new genus in the Juncaceae. Preslia 85: 483–503.
Knapp, W.M. and R.F.C. Naczi. 2008. Taxonomy, morphology, and geographic distribution of Juncus longii (Juncaceae). Syst. Bot. 3: 685–694.
Sorrie, B.A. and R. LeBlond. 2008. Noteworthy collections from the southeastern United States. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 2: 1353–1361.
Swab, J.C. 2000. Luzula. In: Flora North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 22. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
USDA NRCS. n.d. [not dated] Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. NRCS National Wetland Team. (https://plants.usda.gov, accessed 4 Apr 2022)
Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-Atlantic states. Courtesy of the author, NC Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C., U.S.A.